【目的】探讨四川省成都平原稻田直播油菜高产、氮肥高效利用的氮肥施用量。【方法】连续两年(2015—2017)在四川省广汉市西高镇进行大田定位试验,设置5个不同施氮量处理(0、135、180、225、270 kg N/hm^(2)),测定油菜成熟期0~20 cm土层土壤无机氮含量、籽粒产量和植株氮素吸收量,分析不同施氮量对直播油菜产量、氮肥利用率和农田氮素表观平衡的影响。【结果】与不施氮(N_(0))处理相比,增施氮肥能显著增加油菜株高、分枝部位、一次分枝数、单株角果数和籽粒产量,但株高、分枝部位和籽粒产量在4个施氮处理(135、180、225、270 kg N/hm^(2))之间无显著差异。氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力均随施氮量增加而降低,且各施氮量处理间差异显著。当施氮量为135~180 kg N/hm^(2)时,氮输出总量与氮输入总量差异不大,氮素表观损失较低,氮素盈余较低,且氮素盈余以土壤无机氮残留为主。由于连续两年相同施氮处理的累积效应,第2年的氮素表观损失和氮素盈余均高于第1年相同施氮处理。随施氮量增加,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥表观残留率均呈先上升后下降的趋势。氮肥表观损失率随着施氮量的增加总体上表现为下降趋势。【结论】综合考虑油菜籽粒产量、氮肥高效利用和农田氮素表观平衡等,成都平原稻田直播油菜推荐施氮量为180 kg N/hm^(2)。
为探明豆科绿肥光叶紫花苕(Vicia villosa Roth var. glabrescens)覆盖还田对春玉米产量和氮素利用的影响,采用盆栽试验,测定不施氮肥(N0)、单施氮肥(N1)、豆科绿肥半量还田配施氮肥(N2)、全量还田配施氮肥(N3)处理下春玉米的产量、氮素吸收与转运、氮肥利用率以及土壤残留15N的当季回收率。结果表明:绿肥覆盖还田配施氮肥处理(N2、N3)的籽粒产量和生物产量比单施氮(N1)处理的有所提高,且叶、籽粒和地上部植株氮素吸收量均显著高于N1处理的,但茎、叶氮素转运量及转运率与N1处理的无显著差异;与N1处理相比,绿肥覆盖还田配施氮肥处理显著提高或明显提高玉米氮肥利用率,但土壤残留15N当季回收率(28.13%~31.43%)处理间无显著差异。2种绿肥覆盖还田处理对玉米产量、植株氮素吸收与转运、氮肥利用率和土壤残留15N回收率的影响无显著差异。
Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of different nitroge- napplication rates and application times on biological traits and physiological indexes of directly-sown rapeseed （Brassica napus L.） at the seedling stage and investigate the relationship between these biological traits or physiological indexes at the seedling stage and yield, so as to provide scientific theoretical support for high yield and efficient fertilization management in production of winter rapeseed. Field trials were conducted in Chengdu plain of Sichuan Province under rice-rapeseed rotation system during the period of 2011-2012. The nitrogen application rate trial consisted of five nitrogen levels （0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 kg/hm2） and the nitrogen application time trial included NTl（single application as base fertilized）, NT2 （bottom application ＋one time of topdressing at seedling stage） and NT3 （bottom application＋two times of topdressing at seedling stage） under the same nitrogen rate （225 kg/hm2）. The results indicated that compared with no nitrogen application （NO） treatment, the in- crease of nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial to the increase of biological traits including plant height, green leaf number, leaf area index and dry weight of rapeseed at the seedling stage, the improvement of physiological indexes including total nitrogen content, chlorophyll content and soluble protein content of functional leaves, and the reduction of soluble sugar content. Nitrogen rate was linearly correlated with various biological traits at the seedling stage and physiological indexes including total nitro- gen content, chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content in functional leaves over- a/I, but in parabolic correlation with soluble protein content. Under the same nitrogen rate, NT2 treatment exhibited biological traits remarkably or significantly higher than NT1 treatment and NT3 treatment. The nitrogen application times were linearly cor- related with the physiological indexes of functional leave
